As a consequence of the enforcement of emissions regulations in the EU, in 2020 fine PM and NO x emissions from road transport were 60.8% and 65.7% lower than in 1990, respectively. Since then, the emission standards have constantly evolved towards more restrictive limits and using more representative test procedures that cover more realistic conditions. They were first introduced in the EU in 1977 for light-duty (LD) vehicles with Directive 77/102/EEC and in 1988 for heavy-duty (HD) engines with Directive 88/77/EEC. Vehicle emission standards have been developed to limit the emissions of a number of pollutants found in the vehicles’ exhaust as result of combustion of fossil fuels. In the same period, road transport contributed to 9% of fine PM and 37% of nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions in the EU. Considering that the number of deaths for all causes in the EU in 2020 was 5.18 million, fine PM and NO 2 air pollution was responsible for circa 4.6% and 1% of all deaths, respectively. In the European Union (EU), the human exposure to concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline levels caused respectively 238,000 and 49,000 premature deaths, in 2020.

Our results confirm the feasibility of on-board systems to measure the conventional components including CO 2 and the aforementioned additional pollutants. These values corresponded to <10–15% of the proposed Euro 7 limits or the emission levels of the tested vehicles. The results demonstrated that the differences among the instruments were small: ☑ mg/km for HCHO, N 2O, and CH 4, ☒.5 mg/km for NH 3, ☑0–15 mg/km for NO x, ±50 mg/km or ☑5% for CO (whichever was larger), and ☑0–15 g/km for CO 2. To this end, one Euro 6d Diesel, one Euro 6d gasoline, and one Euro 4 gasoline vehicle were tested at −7 ☌ and 23 ☌ with various driving cycles covering traffic conditions to highway dynamic driving.

In this study we compared a prototype portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) measuring CO 2, CO, NO, NO 2, N 2O, NH 3, CH 4, and HCHO based on infrared laser absorption modulation (IRLAM), and two Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers with laboratory grade analyzers. The European Commission’s proposal for the next regulatory emissions standard, Euro 7, requires the measurement of pollutants currently not regulated on the road. The European Union’s ambition to reach climate neutrality and a toxic-free environment by 2050 entails, among other things, cleaner road vehicles.

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